ინტერნეტ-ადიქცია თუ ინტერნეტის პრობლემური მოხმარება?
ანოტაცია
ციფრული ტექნოლოგიების განვითარებამ კაცობრიობას ბევრი სიკეთე მოუტანა – უმრავლესობისათვის ინტერნეტი უამრავი შესაძლებლობის შემქმნელი საოცარი ინფორმაციული ინსტრუმენტია. მაგრამ უკანასკნელი ორზე მეტი ათწლეულის მანძილზე ჩატარებულმა მრავალმა კვლევამ აჩვენა, რომ ზოგიერთ შემთხვევაში ამ ტექნოლოგიების გადაჭარბებულ, არაკონტროლირებად მოხმარებას მოჰყვება არაერთი ნეგატიური შედეგი – ფსიქოპათოლოგიური სიმპტომები, ჯანმრთელობის პრობლემები, სოციალური თუ პროფესიული დარღვევები და სხვ., ანუ სიმპტომები, რომელიც ტრადიციულად უკავშირდებოდა ფსიქოაქტიურ ნივთიერებათა მოხმარებას ან აზარტულ თამაშებს.
სტატიაში წარმოდგენილია ამ თემისადმი მიძღვნილი უცხოური ლიტერატურის მიმოხილვა, რომელმაც აჩვენა, რომ თუმცა ინტერნეტის გადაჭარბებულ მოხმარებასთან დაკავშირებული ფსიქიკური ჯანმრთელობის პრობლემები სადავო აღარ არის, კონსენსუსი ამ ფენომენის კონცეპტუალიზაციასა და დიაგნოსტიკასთან დაკავშირებით მიღწეული ვერ იქნა, რის გამოც ის ადიქციად არ იქნა აღიარებული არც DSM-5-სა და არც ICD-11-ს მიერ. ადიქციის კონცეფციის ალტერნატიული მიდგომაა პრობლემური მოხმარების თეორია, რომლის ფარგლებში ფენომენი განიხილება არა როგორც პათოლოგია, კლინიკური დარღვევა, არამედ უფრო ნეგატიური შედეგების გამომწვევი კოგნიციები და ქცევა, ანუ კოგნიტურ-ქცევითი პარადიგმა – თვითრეგულაციის პრობლემა. ტერმინი „პრობლემური“ უფრო რელევანტურია, ვინაიდან, ჯერ ერთი, სადავოა, არის თუ არა გადაჭარბებული მოხმარება ადიქცია; მეორეც, მოიცავს პრობლემური ქცევის მთლიან სპექტრს – მსუბუქიდან ძრიერ დარღვევამდე; დაბოლოს, „ადიქციასთან“ შედარებით ტერმინი „პრობლემური“ ნაკლებად მასტიგმატიზებელია. ტერმინი „ინტერნეტი“ ზედმეტად ზოგადია, ვინაიდან ინტერნეტი მხოლოდ გარემოა, რომელიც იძლევა ჩვევის გამომწვევი სხვადასხვა ქმედების შესრულების საშუალებას, ამიტომ აუცილებელია მოხმარებული კონტენტის გათვალისწინება.
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